A Comparison of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian Societies Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian Societies Essay In spite of the fact that Egypt and Mesopotamia were both early farming social orders based upon the water gave by the significant waterways which supported them, they showed significant contrasts as an outcome of the distinctive physical conditions in which they created. In this paper I will initially concentrate on what I consider to be the significant parts of these distinctions in condition and afterward investigate the results of these distinctions in their strict convictions, political association and business rehearses. A significant distinction in physical condition between these old social orders was the occasional stream streams on which they depended for cultivating. The Nile which upheld early Egyptian human advancement was described by unsurprising and yearly flooding in the late-summer. These floods happened after yields were reaped. This example was a result of the standard pre-fall rainstorm downpours which fell at its headwaters. The Nile additionally had an enormous spreading delta zone that offered ascend to regular water system waterways that would flood the regions between them with rich supplements for the following planting year. The Tigris and Euphrates streams which bolstered the Mesopotamian culture would normally flood in the pre-summer exactly when yields would age, regularly with awful outcomes on harvests. This example was a consequence of these waters beginning from winter snow liquefy in the Anatolian mountains (presently in present day Turkey) where these streams began. These floods here and there made the streams change their course suddenly cutting off fields from water. Another essential physical contrast adding to social contrasts was the relative seclusion in which old Egypt created contrasted with Mesopotamia. As indicated by our course reading ‘Egypt’s characteristic detachment and material independence cultivated a one of a kind culture that for significant stretches of time had moderately little to do with other civilizations’. Conversely, Mesopotamia was available to movement or intrusion and was subject to imported assets. Likewise various ethnic people groups added to the development of Mesopotamian culture. The strict convictions of Egypt and Mesopotamia were affected by numerous variables. The streams, each day objects, and the convictions of the individuals. In Egypt rather than Mesopotamia the Pharaoh was viewed as a divine being notwithstanding being the incomparable ruler. He was the principle divine force of their religion. In Egypt individuals commended their divine beings for the yearly flooding of the Nile. Anyway in Mesopotamia the individuals were terrified of their divine beings in light of the fact that ‘the divine beings could adjust the landscape’ self-assertively. Consequently they gave their divine beings blessings in order to appease them. In both of the developments religion was polytheistic, I. e. , having numerous divine beings. The political association of Egypt depended on the focal authority of the Pharaoh. Since he was the encapsulated type of a divine being, he was the law. He picked where the legislative hall would be found, such a Thebes, Memphis, and so forth. Albeit littler urban areas existed in antiquated Egypt most of Egyptians seemed to live in little cultivating towns. Conversely, Mesopotamia was worked around various autonomous city states encompassed by cultivating towns. A significant number of these urban communities rivaled one another or even warred with one another to turn into a predominant focal point of intensity. No uniform reason for law or equity existed in this decentralized condition until Hammurabi prevailing with regards to turning into the main ruler of Babylon and set up the Babylonian Empire with power over the entirety of Mesopotamia. He made a law code of which may duplicates were made. These engraved tablets were sent to the various factions of Mesopotamia and turned into a reason for a uniform legitimate framework, including grouping of the individuals living under his domain The business exercises in Mesopotamia were very broad because of the prerequisite to create exchanging connections between the diverse city states and different districts to get required assets. This brought about the improvement of a trader class in the urban focuses dissimilar to the circumstance in Egypt. Exchange depended on dealing instead of cash. Products exchanged included wood, metals, and stone in return for fleece, fabric, grain, and vegetable oil. These practices required the advancement of the aptitudes required for obtaining, moving, and securing important products. As per our course reading, autonomous dealers and vendor societies had increased extensive impact in Mesopotamian culture continuously 2000 BC.

The Methods for Retaining Employees

The Methods for Retaining Employees Presentation There are numerous ways that can be utilized to hold representatives. Repaying workers abundantly has for some time been seen as probably the most ideal methods of holding employees.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on The Methods for Retaining Employees explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from great pay, explore has indicated that there are different ways which are similarly critical in holding representatives. A portion of these strategies are â€Å"challenging and a significant work, chances to learn and develop, the feeling of being a piece of a gathering, a great chief, and meeting individual needs† (kaye Jordan-Evans, 2003, p. 291). These strategies essentially target making the working environment condition a spot that representatives esteem and appreciate. This exposition will examine the techniques which can make the working environment a spot centrality and incentive to the representative and therefore make them to incline toward working at their present association instead of working somewhere else. The Kind of Work Employees Do It has been indicated that representatives esteem work that fulfills them. Aside from searching for money related increase, most representatives will lean toward provoking work to work which is anything but difficult to deal with. Requesting work tests the constraints of a representative and this has been demonstrated to be what most workers favor particularly for those in the specialized fields (kaye Jordan-Evans, 2003). Testing work make an incredible commitment to the association one is working for. There is typically an incredible feeling of fulfillment which accompanies making noteworthy commitment to an association one is working for. Making critical commitment in a position of work is very promising and assists with associating representatives to their work. It upgrades the delight got from working. In such sort of a domain, efficiency is normally high and thi s makes what one does enjoyable.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The general advantage of working in a situation that is testing and one that empowers representatives to create results is that workers are less inclined to move out (kaye Jordan-Evans, 2003). Learning and Growing in a Workplace Career development is an incredible explanation that can keep representatives in their present occupations. Each individual tries to create in their profession. Giving a remittance for vocation improvement in a working environment subsequently goes about as an incredible inspiration for a worker to keep up his present work and business. Profession advancement makes it workable for a worker to be in the know regarding rising issues in their vocation (kaye Jordan-Evans, 2003). Vocation development of representatives can be improved by the temporary of formal preparing. Preparin g of representatives encourages them to be at standard with changes in their professions and this will guarantee that they maintain the suggested rehearses at the working environment. Aside from formal preparing, training and arrangement of mentorship meetings similarly assists with molding one’s profession the correct way. Managers ought to urge representatives to join proficient systems. These systems are significant as they help one to create in their vocation as there is sharing among experts in a similar field (kaye Jordan-Evans, 2003). The Sense of Belonging Working in an association which cultivates a feeling of having a place is an empowering factor. A feeling of having a place empowers one with feel comfortable in the work place. A work environment which cultivates a feeling of having a place among the representatives makes a home like condition whereby representatives feel being a piece of a major family.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on The Method s for Retaining Employees explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This feeling of solidarity makes attachment among workers and makes working in such a working environment compelling. With such sort of a work environment, it is difficult for representatives to need to switch associations. There are numerous ways that businesses can make a feeling of having a place in a working environment the best being making gatherings where representatives can become more acquainted with one another more. Such gatherings may incorporate month to month suppers and end of either financial year or schedule year celebrations (Jackson, 2012). Great Bosses Managers and administrators particularly those to whom workers report legitimately ought to be acceptable according to their representatives. The accompanying practices when shown by chiefs and bosses have been appeared to put off representatives: â€Å"Rudeness, eagerness, haughtiness, terrorizing, hollering, being stooping or dispar aging, putting down or humiliating individuals, swearing, lying, lewd behavior, utilizing unseemly diversion, and exhibiting sexism or racism† (kaye Jordan-Evans, 2003, p. 294). Managers have a commitment to guarantee that their relationship with their youngsters is one which cultivates understanding. An awful manager will make the working environment an upsetting spot; no one needs to be pushed and hence representatives may decide to discover elective chances to work somewhere else. Regardless of whether representatives don't select to move out because of awful supervisors, the cool connection between the workers and the manager will influence the efficiency of the workers (kaye Jordan-Evans, 2003). Great supervisors perceive great work achieved by their representatives and don't assume praise for what others have done. Acknowledgment can be made through an informal exchange or a token given through stages, for example, worker of the month, the most persevering representative among different stages (Shenkel Gardner, 2004).Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Addressing Individual Needs An association whose representatives are of various age bunches requires various ways to deal with hold the workers. It has been noticed that Generation-Y representatives would lean toward work environments which give them a wide scope of presentation to their profession fields. For the instance of Generation-X laborers, coaching projects and projects which advance their professions would be generally alluring. In conclusion, the gen X-ers would incline toward programs which target expanding their retirement benefits, for example, adjusting their installment to take into consideration lower charge findings (Gettler, 2008). There are different routes through which organizations can require the expansion of vocations. One such can be through masterminding representatives to take part in noble cause work. Representatives can likewise be allowed the chance to deal with extraordinary task sheets. Making representatives mindful of specialized gatherings and perm itting them to go to such discussions additionally is very inspiring. Specialized meetings help to refresh workers on propels made in their profession fields (Gettler, 2008). End Retaining workers goes past attractive pay in type of huge pay rates. Aside from a decent pay, representatives have different requirements which need fulfillment. Managers have a commitment to make a domain that empowers representatives to be agreeable and advance their professions. It has been indicated that representatives favor testing work which requests the aptitudes they have obtained. Work environments which give a methods for progressing one’s profession have additionally been called attention to as being appealing to representatives. A working environment which makes a feeling of having a place is additionally ideal as it makes solidarity and union among representatives. Supervisors have been appeared to likewise assume a significant job in drawing in representatives to a work environment. U nderstanding and normal managers function admirably with workers. Terrible managers can be a wellspring of worry to representatives and this can without much of a stretch make workers look for business somewhere else. Working environments should be adaptable enough to meet a portion of the individual needs of representatives. References Gettler, L. (2008). The most effective method to hold staff †without using up every last cent. Shrewd Company. Web. Jackson, N. (2012). 5 different ways to remunerate workers when raises aren’t an alternative. The Entrepreneur. Web. Kaye, B Jordan-Evans, S. (2003). The most effective method to hold elite representatives. Sierra Health. Web. Shenkel, R Gardner, C. (2004). The best methodologies won’t cost you a dime. Family Practice Management. Web.

Organisation Learning Essay Example for Free

Association Learning Essay Where Argyris and Schon were the first to propose models that encourage hierarchical learning, the accompanying literary works have followed in the custom of their work: Argyris and Schon (1978) recognize single-circle and twofold circle learning, identified with Gregory Batesons ideas of first and second request learning. In single-circle learning, people, gatherings, or associations alter their activities as per the contrast among expected and acquired results. In twofold circle learning, the elements (people, gatherings or association) question the qualities, suppositions and approaches that prompted the activities in any case; on the off chance that they can see and adjust those, at that point second-request or twofold circle learning has occurred. Twofold circle learning is the finding out about single-circle learning. ?Walk and Olsen (1975) endeavor to interface up individual and authoritative learning. In their model, singular convictions lead to singular activity, which thusly may prompt an authoritative activity and a reaction from the earth which may incite improved individual convictions and the cycle at that point rehashes again and again. Learning happens as better convictions produce better activities. ?Kim (1993), too, in an article titled The connection among individual and authoritative learning, coordinates Argyris, March and Olsen and another model by Kofman into a solitary far reaching model; further, he examines all the potential breakdowns in the data streams in the model, prompting disappointments in hierarchical learning; for example, what occurs if an individual activity is dismissed by the association for political or different reasons and thusly no hierarchical activity happens? ?Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) built up a four phase winding model of hierarchical learning. They began by separating Polanyis idea of implied information from unequivocal information and depict a procedure of shifting back and forth between the two. Unsaid information is close to home, setting explicit, emotional information, while express information is classified, precise, formal, and simple to convey. The unsaid information on key staff inside the association can be made unequivocal, classified in manuals, and fused into new items and procedures. This procedure they called externalization. The opposite procedure (from unequivocal to certain) they call disguise since it includes representatives disguising an associations formal guidelines, strategies, and different types of express information. They additionally utilize the term socialization to indicate the sharing of unsaid information, and the term blend to mean the dispersal of classified information. As indicated by this model, information creation and hierarchical learning take a way of socialization, externalization, mix, disguise, socialization, externalization, blend . . . and so forth in an endless winding. ?Scratch Bontis et al. (2002) exactly tried a model of authoritative discovering that enveloped the two stocks and streams of information across three degrees of investigation: individual, group and association. Results indicated a negative and measurably noteworthy connection between the misalignment of stocks and streams and authoritative execution. ?Flood (1999) talks about the idea of authoritative gaining from Peter Senge and the starting points of the hypothesis from Argyris and Schon. The creator plans to reexamine Senges The Fifth Discipline through frameworks hypothesis. The creator builds up the ideas by incorporating them with key scholars, for example, Bertalanffy, Churchman, Beer, Checkland and Ackoff. Conceptualizing hierarchical learning as far as structure, process, which means, belief system and information, the creator gives experiences into Senge inside the setting of the way of thinking of science and the manner by which frameworks scholars were affected by twentieth-century progresses from the old style presumptions of science. ?Imants (2003) gives hypothesis improvement to hierarchical learning in schools inside the setting of instructors proficient networks as learning networks, which is thoroughly analyzed to showing networks of training. Nitty gritty with an investigation of the conundrums for authoritative learning in schools, two components for proficient turn of events and hierarchical learning, (1) guiding data about educating and learning and (2) empowering connection among instructors and laborers, are characterized as basic for powerful authoritative learning. ?Normal (2004) talks about the idea of hierarchical learning in a world of politics to improve open strategy making. The creator subtleties the underlying uncontroversial gathering of authoritative learning in the open area and the advancement of the idea with the learning association. Definitional issues in applying the idea to open approach are tended to, taking note of research in UK neighborhood government that finishes up on the deterrents for authoritative learning in the open area: (1) overemphasis of the individual, (2) protection from change and legislative issues, (3) social learning is self-restricting, for example independence, and (4) political accuse culture. The ideas of approach learning and arrangement move are then characterized with detail on the conditions for acknowledging hierarchical learning in the open division. Hierarchical information What is the idea of information made, exchanged and utilized in associations? A portion of this information can be named specialized ? knowing the significance of specialized words and expressions, having the option to peruse and comprehend monetary information and having the option to follow up based on law-like speculations. Logical information is ?propositional; it appears as causal speculations ? at whatever point An, at that point B. For instance, at whatever point water arrives at the temperature of 100 degrees, it bubbles; at whatever point it bubbles, it transforms into steam; steam creates pressure when in an encased space; pressure drives motors. Etc. A huge piece of the information utilized by chiefs, be that as it may, doesn't expect this structure. The complexities of an administrators task are to such an extent that applying A may bring about B, C, or Z. A formula or a thought that tackled very well a specific issue, may, in somewhat various conditions blowback and lead to perpetually issues. More significant than knowing a mess of hypotheses, plans and answers for a chief is to know which hypothesis, formula or answer for apply in a particular circumstance. Now and again a supervisor may consolidate two distinct plans or adjust a current formula with some significant alteration to meet a circumstance close by. Supervisors frequently use information in the manner that a jack of all trades will utilize their abilities, the materials and devices that are close by to satisfy the needs of a specific circumstance. Dissimilar to a designer who will design cautiously and logically all their activities to convey the ideal result, for example, a steam motor, a jack of all trades is adaptable and artful, regularly utilizing materials in strange or unordinary ways, and depends a ton on experimentation. This is the thing that the French call ? bricolage, the ingenious and innovative sending abilities and materials to address every difficulty in a unique manner. Dependable guideline, a long way from being the foe of the board, is the thing that chiefs all through the world have depended upon to educate their activity. As opposed to the logical information that controls the architect, the doctor or the scientist, administrators are regularly educated by an alternate sort of ability. This is once in a while alluded to a ? story information or ? experiential information, the sort of information that originates for a fact and lives in stories and accounts of how genuine individuals in reality managed genuine issues, effectively or ineffectively. Story information is the thing that we use in regular day to day existence to manage unbalanced circumstances, as guardians, as customers, as patients, etc. We look for the narratives of individuals in a similar circumstance as ourselves and attempt to gain from them. As the Chinese axiom says An astute man gains for a fact; a more astute man gains from the experience of others. Account information generally appears as association stories (see association story and hierarchical narrating). These accounts empower members to understand the troubles and difficulties they face; by tuning in to stories, individuals from associations gain from every others encounters, adjust the plans utilized by others to address their own challenges and issues. Story information isn't just the protect of chiefs. Most experts (counting specialists, bookkeepers, legal counselors, business advisors and scholastics) depend on story information, notwithstanding their pro specialized information, when managing solid circumstances as a major aspect of their work. All the more by and large, account information speaks to a perpetually changing repository of thoughts, plans and stories that are exchanged generally by word or mouth on the web. They are regularly spurious and might be erroneous or false yet, they have the ability to impact people groups sense making and activities. Individual versus hierarchical getting the hang of Learning by people in an authoritative setting is a surely known procedure. This is the conventional space of HR, including exercises, for example, preparing, expanding aptitudes, work understanding, and formal training. Given that the achievement of any association is established on the information on the individuals who work for it, these exercises will and, without a doubt, must proceed. Be that as it may, singular learning is just an essential to authoritative learning. Others take it more remote with consistent learning. The world is requests of greatness more powerful than that of our folks, or in any event, when we were youthful. Floods of progress are slamming on us for all intents and purposes one on another. Change has become the standard instead of the special case. Persistent learning all through ones profession has gotten basic to stay important in the working environment. Once more, important however not adequate to depict authoritative learni

Corporate Responsibilities, Consumer Stakeholders, and Environment - 1650 Words

Corporate Responsibilities, Consumer Stakeholders, and Environment (Essay Sample) Content: Corporate Responsibilities, Consumer Stakeholders, and EnvironmentNamesInstitution Affiliation1.0 Deceitful or false advertising of corporationDishonest advertising refers to advertising techniques used by an organization to mislead the customer and generate their profit. This kind of advertising provides false information to the consumer who lacks enough information for a particular product CITATION Uni05 \l 1033 (Dame, 2005). For example, incorporation that manufactures eclipse gum they claimed that their new ingredients in the gum- magnolia bark extract had germ-killing properties. The customers sued the Wrigley in a federal court claiming the subsidiary company of privately owned corporation of Mars Inc. made false advertising about the claim of the germ-killing ingredient. As part of the settlement demand, the company changed how they market and label the gums. They agreed also to pay $6million to $7 million to a fund that will reimburse the customers. I agree w ith the claims in that the corporation had a misleading advertisement and as part of marketing, they wanted to sell their products more. In addition, they lost the case between Wrigley vs. consumers CITATION Sul11 \l 1033 (Sullivan, 2011). 1 Advertising RegulationAdvertising plays a crucial role in all the markets economies. It stimulates innovation and growth; it encourages competition, and it increases the consumer choice. In order to fulfil this task, advertising must have a high level of consumer trust and confidence. It should also be legal, and truthful. If you misled consumers by an advertisement, they would surely never buy that particular product again CITATION Uni05 \l 1033 (Dame, 2005). Bad advertising even though a small part of the whole would gradually outweigh the confidence of the customer. It is of benefit of the advertising industry to ensure advertising is good. 2 Corporate NegligenceNegligence is a term used to characterize a conduct that brings an unreasonable risk of harm to other individuals. In order to prove, claim of negligence, a party would have to show various things. In the example, Juliet a friend of mine consumed Taco Bells seasoned beef and later she became sick of stomach upset, and she was admitted to hospital. I communicated the complaint to the company that manufactures it. My claims based on the public policy demands that the state "for any responsibility it should be dwelt with, whenever it reduces the hazards to life and health inherent in any defective products that reach the market." CITATION Gri10 \l 1033 (Griseri, P., Seppala, N., 2010) The company refuted the claims and stated the person claiming the injuries had to show that the food was inadequate. The general rule for negligence is that a corporation has a duty towards any individual, at any time, to exercise reasonable care for a person physical safety. The best approach would have been to have a dialogue with the company and come up with a settlement. 3 C igarette, cigar and pipe smokingThey should be ban from the public. Smoking can cause serious health issues to those smoking and the passive smokers around them. Recent studies have proved that tobacco smoke contains many harmful substances like, carcinogens and nicotine that are very addictive. It has also shown that it causes cancer, heart diseases, and emphysema. Inhaling smoke as a passive smoker can be deadly CITATION Sul11 \l 1033 (Sullivan, 2011). The research has shown that exposure to cigarette smoke has little as 30 minutes a day can raise the risk of non-smoker to suffer a heart attack. 4 Environmental DamageMost countries depend on oil. States would go to lengths to acquire it. Many of the production industry require it, but this has caused severe damage to the environment. Recent research has shown oil production or transportation can cause disruption of human population or animals. A recent oil spillage by US based production caused a significant death of marine li fe in the ecosystem. It resulted to death of many water animals. The oil had chemical components that were toxic CITATION Ram07 \l 1033 (Ramamoorthy, S., Baddaloo, E. G. Y, 2007). The various ways to reduce the harmful effects on the environment; There should be voluntary cleanup programs by the corporations, corporation to comply with regulations enacted by government. The companies should also strengthen their regulatory standards to achieve their certification in all trading countries. 5 Corporate helping EnvironmentIn an article recently publish by Forbes on America oil production; they are investing millions of dollars to prevent oil spills. They have acquired secondary containment systems and machineries. They have also acquired detectors, motion sensors and installed on the pipelines. This would help to know if there is any problem in the pipeline like spillage or blockage CITATION Ram07 \l 1033 (Ramamoorthy, S., Baddaloo, E. G. Y, 2007). This method will be effective in helping the environment. It will be possible to counter the spillage, blockages, and breakages.Part II: Case study case-16 1 Production of biofuelsThe production of biofuels is a viable solution to address the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s energy needs. This is evident in that, over the recent past the emission of gases has increased significantly on to the atmosphere. In the result of this, there are changes of temperature, which will lead to global warming if not curbed CITATION Bil06 \l 1033 (Bily, 2006). Accor... Corporate Responsibilities, Consumer Stakeholders, and Environment - 1650 Words Corporate Responsibilities, Consumer Stakeholders, and Environment (Essay Sample) Content: Corporate Responsibilities, Consumer Stakeholders, and EnvironmentNamesInstitution Affiliation1.0 Deceitful or false advertising of corporationDishonest advertising refers to advertising techniques used by an organization to mislead the customer and generate their profit. This kind of advertising provides false information to the consumer who lacks enough information for a particular product CITATION Uni05 \l 1033 (Dame, 2005). For example, incorporation that manufactures eclipse gum they claimed that their new ingredients in the gum- magnolia bark extract had germ-killing properties. The customers sued the Wrigley in a federal court claiming the subsidiary company of privately owned corporation of Mars Inc. made false advertising about the claim of the germ-killing ingredient. As part of the settlement demand, the company changed how they market and label the gums. They agreed also to pay $6million to $7 million to a fund that will reimburse the customers. I agree w ith the claims in that the corporation had a misleading advertisement and as part of marketing, they wanted to sell their products more. In addition, they lost the case between Wrigley vs. consumers CITATION Sul11 \l 1033 (Sullivan, 2011). 1 Advertising RegulationAdvertising plays a crucial role in all the markets economies. It stimulates innovation and growth; it encourages competition, and it increases the consumer choice. In order to fulfil this task, advertising must have a high level of consumer trust and confidence. It should also be legal, and truthful. If you misled consumers by an advertisement, they would surely never buy that particular product again CITATION Uni05 \l 1033 (Dame, 2005). Bad advertising even though a small part of the whole would gradually outweigh the confidence of the customer. It is of benefit of the advertising industry to ensure advertising is good. 2 Corporate NegligenceNegligence is a term used to characterize a conduct that brings an unreasonable risk of harm to other individuals. In order to prove, claim of negligence, a party would have to show various things. In the example, Juliet a friend of mine consumed Taco Bells seasoned beef and later she became sick of stomach upset, and she was admitted to hospital. I communicated the complaint to the company that manufactures it. My claims based on the public policy demands that the state "for any responsibility it should be dwelt with, whenever it reduces the hazards to life and health inherent in any defective products that reach the market." CITATION Gri10 \l 1033 (Griseri, P., Seppala, N., 2010) The company refuted the claims and stated the person claiming the injuries had to show that the food was inadequate. The general rule for negligence is that a corporation has a duty towards any individual, at any time, to exercise reasonable care for a person physical safety. The best approach would have been to have a dialogue with the company and come up with a settlement. 3 C igarette, cigar and pipe smokingThey should be ban from the public. Smoking can cause serious health issues to those smoking and the passive smokers around them. Recent studies have proved that tobacco smoke contains many harmful substances like, carcinogens and nicotine that are very addictive. It has also shown that it causes cancer, heart diseases, and emphysema. Inhaling smoke as a passive smoker can be deadly CITATION Sul11 \l 1033 (Sullivan, 2011). The research has shown that exposure to cigarette smoke has little as 30 minutes a day can raise the risk of non-smoker to suffer a heart attack. 4 Environmental DamageMost countries depend on oil. States would go to lengths to acquire it. Many of the production industry require it, but this has caused severe damage to the environment. Recent research has shown oil production or transportation can cause disruption of human population or animals. A recent oil spillage by US based production caused a significant death of marine li fe in the ecosystem. It resulted to death of many water animals. The oil had chemical components that were toxic CITATION Ram07 \l 1033 (Ramamoorthy, S., Baddaloo, E. G. Y, 2007). The various ways to reduce the harmful effects on the environment; There should be voluntary cleanup programs by the corporations, corporation to comply with regulations enacted by government. The companies should also strengthen their regulatory standards to achieve their certification in all trading countries. 5 Corporate helping EnvironmentIn an article recently publish by Forbes on America oil production; they are investing millions of dollars to prevent oil spills. They have acquired secondary containment systems and machineries. They have also acquired detectors, motion sensors and installed on the pipelines. This would help to know if there is any problem in the pipeline like spillage or blockage CITATION Ram07 \l 1033 (Ramamoorthy, S., Baddaloo, E. G. Y, 2007). This method will be effective in helping the environment. It will be possible to counter the spillage, blockages, and breakages.Part II: Case study case-16 1 Production of biofuelsThe production of biofuels is a viable solution to address the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s energy needs. This is evident in that, over the recent past the emission of gases has increased significantly on to the atmosphere. In the result of this, there are changes of temperature, which will lead to global warming if not curbed CITATION Bil06 \l 1033 (Bily, 2006). Accor...

The World Of Segregation Crises `` Battle Royal `` By...

World of Challenges In the world of segregation crises â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison is about a boy who just finished high school years and receives an invitation to present his valedictorian speech to the wealthy white men in town. Ellison’s protagonist reminisces about his naive life, 20 years before when the story was published in 1947. He grew up in the deep south of America in a town where prejudicism and racism was prominent. During this time the South is segregated because of the Jim Crow Law. The story shows the conflict between the races of black society and white society back in the early 1900s when segregation laws was in place. As I was reading the story I can see clearly that the battle the African-Americans are fighting for, are both mentally and physically. â€Å"Battle Royal† helps us understand the struggle of a young black man who is trying to survive in a society where white people are dominant over the lives of the black people. The you ng man is feels conflicted on how to live a life that is successful and prosperous in life. He is torn between his grandfather’s last words of advice and the wishes of the white society in which he longs to please but because of the lack of equality between black and white in the setting he is unsuccessful in achieving anything. The story occurs in the early 1900s, between the Great Depression and World War II, and it set in the deep South where â€Å"Jim Crow Laws† is in place. Though slavery was abolished, racism is presentShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pageshad moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressed contempt for black Americans who continued to submit to segregation and live in poverty. Langston Hughes, 1933 (Library of Congress) Langston was not ashamed of being a black American. He had already written poems celebrating his heritage. He felt connected to the oppressed brown people of the world and hated his father for mistreating

The Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of...

The Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family Functionalists focus on the roles of the family as an institution and its interaction with other institutions, such as the ratio of functions the family has to perform compared to those that other institutions such as schools and the NHS perform. Functionalism sees the use of the family in society and how it can take pressure from the government by becoming an almost dependent institution that will help support its own members. George Murdock analysed 250 societies and studied the purpose of the family, he came up with a final definition; that the family performs several main functions. These functions help the individuals within†¦show more content†¦The Functionalist theory does not consider that the modern situation and success of institutions other than the family has decreased the importance of the family and the functions it performs. For example, the role of education is now limited to only children under the age of five, as schools provide the majority of education for the younger members of the family from that age to adulthood. Reproductive functions of the family have also been limited because it is no longer necessary for a family to have both parents to create a child. This could be because of promiscuity or artificial insemination. Finally, economic support within the family has also been reduced because the government provides benefits for Old Age Pensioners, the unemployed and pre gnant mothers, meaning that a family does not need to support itself financially to survive as there are other options. Talcott Parsons considered how industrialisation and advances in technology and social morals have changed the functions of the family and he claimed the families functions were now limited to just two functions. Firstly is primary socialisation, he believed that parents taught their children from an early age what was socially accepted and normal behaviour in public. Primary socialisation also includes teaching the foundations of language. The second function is toShow MoreRelatedThe Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family The Functionalists see the family as an important and vital institution in society. They take a MACRO view and look at interdependence between the family and other organisations. Functionalists look at the positive parts to society but overlook the negatives. They emphasise on the value consensus and see the family as being universal. Other people’s outlooks disagree with this view, such as the MarxistsRead MoreAssessment of the Usefulness of Functionalism in Understanding the Family1223 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment of the Usefulness of Functionalism in Understanding the Family Functionalism is a structuralist theory. This means it sees the individual as less important as the social structure of society. It is a ‘top down’ theory. The family can be defined as an intimate domestic group composed of people related to each other by blood, sexual relations and legal ties. When assessing how useful functionalism is when looking at the family, other views/perspectives Read MoreFunctionalist View of the Family1317 Words   |  6 PagesAssess the usefulness of the functionalist view for an understanding of the family today? Functionalism is a structural theory. In functionalism, social institutes like families are the key parts of the structure/system. 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Helping Others Rewards You Essay Example For Students

Helping Others Rewards You Essay Helping Others Rewards You Essay As a citizen of the United States I feel it is my duty to serve my community. I know that sometimes people dont realize it, but when you help someone you are in a way helping yourself. All the good that you may do unto others will always reflect upon you. No one knows when or how they are going to need the help of someone. When I was ten years old, I began to help an elderly lady with her groceries. Every Saturday I would help her carry the groceries home. She would always want to pay me, but I always refused to accept it. It was no trouble for me, I really enjoyed helping her. The main reason was that she reminded me of my grandmother who resides in the Dominican Republic. I wouldnt want my grandmother lifting heavy groceries, and I dont think people should accept money for such help. Many years have passed, and I still make time to help the lady whenever I can. When you do something for someone else, it feels good. I often think about myself when I become old. Will I have someone there to help me? Will I have the strength to do things for myself? I know that for as long as I can, I will always help other people. No matter what happens in my life, I will always have the memories of helping another human being who needed my assistance. In my heart, I feel I did the right thing. I feel that my experience combined with my college education will prepare me to meet my responsibilities to myself and my community because I am always going to be a there to help anyone who needs it. I will offer my assistance to anyone who may need it. The smiles you get after helping someone are rewarding and makes me feel really good about myself. Still, to this day I have not accepted a single cent from the elderly lady I help with groceries, and I dont plan on starting. .

The French and Indian War free essay sample

Causes, Consequences, and Resolution BY Tomahawked In 1754, a war between Britain and France with their Indian allies broke out in North America that came to be known as The French and Indian War. The war ended in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris. The French and Indian War created tension between Great Britain and the American colonies politically through the expansion of borders, economically through extreme taxes, and Ideologically through taxation without representation.The expansion of the borders of the English territory through the Treaty of Paris created a tension between the colonies political relations with Great Britain. After the war in 1763 (Doc. A) English colonies dominated the North American continent. The new land the colonists controlled led to the proclamation of 1763 that prevented colonists from settling to far west. The Indians thought the colonists had no right to settle (Doc. B). This was Great Britains resolve to prevent further conflict with the already angered Native Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on The French and Indian War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Colonists were Infuriated by the Proclamation because they felt they deserved the land for fighting and dying alongside British regulars, and believed they had been denied of their right to be free (Doc. E). Another result of the war was Britains great debt, in which they had to solve by placing taxes on common items in the colonies. The Stamp Act and Tea Act were two examples of taxes Britain put on the colonists that led to political unrest.The expansion of English territory was not the only cause for colonial unrest, severe taxation also laded a major part In straggling the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. After the war British troops were still stationed in North America, resulting in massive debt (Doc. F). Heavy taxation made it near impossible to make a profit by exporting and importing any goods. The Stamp Act was the tax act that set many of the colonies overboard. Benjamin Franklin, one of the most important and respected colonists of the time said the Stamp act needed to be repealed as soon as possible (Doc.G). The colonists used boycotting as their weapon and practiced non- institution and non-lamentation, thus harming the economy In both Great Brutal and the colonies. The expansion of English territory, extreme taxation, as well as taxation without representation caused tension between the colonies and their motherland. The colonists fighting in the war alongside the British realized they did not have the same rights as their British partners. A Massachusetts soldier wrote, We are debarred Englishman liberty (Doc. D). TLS was one example of the colonists already feeling a sense of inequality.Taxation without representation was the main source of tension among the colonies and Great Britain. The colonists felt that they had no right to be taxed severally without any say in the British Parliament; this idea would eventually lead to war. The French and Indian War Is perhaps the number one cause of the American led to colonial resentment towards Britain. The French and Indian War not only altered the political, economic, and ideological relations among the colonies and Great Britain, but changed the entire history of the world

Biography of Adolf Hitler, Leader of the Third Reich

Biography of Adolf Hitler, Leader of the Third Reich Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) was the leader of Germany during the Third Reich (1933–1945). He was the primary instigator of both the Second World War in Europe and the mass execution of millions of people deemed to be enemies, or inferior to the Aryan ideal. He rose from being a talentless painter to the dictator of Germany and, for a few months, emperor of much of Europe. His empire was crushed by an array of the worlds strongest nations; he killed himself before he could be tried and brought to justice. Fast Facts: Adolf Hitler Known For: Leading the German Nazi party and instigating World War IIBorn: April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, AustriaParents: Alois Hitler and Klara PoelzlDied: April 30, 1945 in Berlin, GermanyEducation: Realschule in SteyrPublished Works: Mein KampfSpouse: Eva BraunNotable Quote: In starting and waging a war it is not right that matters but victory. Early Life Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889 to Alois Hitler (who, as an illegitimate child, had previously used his mother’s name of Schickelgruber) and Klara Poelzl. A moody child, he grew hostile towards his father, especially once the latter had retired and the family had moved to the outskirts of Linz. Alois died in 1903 but left money to take care of the family. Adolf was close to his mother, who was highly indulgent of him, and he was deeply affected when she died in 1907. He left school at age 16 in 1905, intending to become a painter. Unfortunately for him, he wasnt a very good one. Vienna Hitler went to Vienna in 1907 where he applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts but was twice turned down. This experience further embittered the increasingly angry Hitler. He returned to Vienna again when his mother died, living first with a more successful friend (Kubizek) and then moving from hostel to hostel as a lonely, vagabond figure. He recovered to make a living selling his art cheaply as a resident in a community Mens Home. During this period, Hitler appears to have developed the worldview that would characterize his whole life, and which centered on hatred for Jews and Marxists. Hitler was well-placed to be influenced by the demagogy of Karl Lueger, Vienna’s deeply anti-Semitic mayor and a man who used hate to help create a party of mass support. Hitler had previously been influenced by Schonerer, an Austrian politician against liberals, socialists, Catholics, and Jews. Vienna was also highly anti-Semitic; Hitlers hate was not unusual, it was simply part of the popular mindset. What Hitler went on to do was present these ideas more successfully than ever before. The First World War Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 and avoided Austrian military service in early 1914 by virtue of being unfit for service. However, when the First World War broke out in 1914, he joined the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, serving throughout the war, mostly as a corporal after refusing promotion. He proved to be an able and brave soldier as a dispatch runner, winning the Iron Cross on two occasions (First and Second Class). He was also wounded twice, and four weeks before the war ended he suffered a gas attack that temporarily blinded and hospitalized him. It was there he learned of Germany’s surrender, which he took as a betrayal. He especially hated the Treaty of Versailles, which Germany had to sign after the war as part of the settlement. Hitler Enters Politics After WWI, Hitler became convinced he was destined to help Germany, but his first move was to stay in the army for as long as possible because it paid wages, and to do so, he went along with the socialists now in charge of Germany. He was soon able to turn the tables and drew the attention of army anti-socialists, who were setting up anti-revolutionary units. In 1919, working for an army unit, he was assigned to spy on a political party of roughly 40 idealists called the German Workers Party. Instead, he joined it, swiftly rose to a position of dominance (he was chairman by 1921), and renamed it the Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). He gave the party the Swastika as a symbol and organized a personal army of storm troopers (the SA or Brownshirts) and bodyguards of black-shirted men, the Schutzstaffel (SS), to attack opponents. He also discovered, and used, his powerful ability for public speaking. The Beer Hall Putsch In November 1923, Hitler organized Bavarian nationalists under a figurehead of General Ludendorff into a coup (or putsch). They declared their new government in a beer hall in Munich; a group of 3,000 marched through the streets, but they were met by police who opened fire, killing 16. Hitler was arrested in1924 and used his trial to spread his name and his ideas widely. He was sentenced to just five years in prison, a sentence often described as a sign of tacit agreement with his views. Hitler served only nine months in prison, during which he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), a book outlining his theories on race, Germany, and Jews. It sold five million copies by 1939. Only then, in prison, did Hitler come to believe he was destined to be a leader. The man who thought he was paving the way for a German leader of genius now thought he was the genius who could take and use power. Politician After the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler resolved to seek power through subverting the Weimar government system, and he carefully rebuilt the NSDAP, or Nazi, party, allying with future key figures like Goering and propaganda mastermind Goebbels. Over time, he expanded the party’s support, partly by exploiting the fears of socialists and partly by appealing to everyone who felt their economic livelihood threatened by the depression of the 1930s. Over time, he gained the interest of big business, the press, and the middle classes. Nazi votes jumped to 107 seats in the Reichstag in 1930. Its important to stress that Hitler wasnt a socialist. The Nazi party that he was molding was based on race, not the idea of socialism, but it took a good few years for Hitler to grow powerful enough to expel the socialists from the party. Hitler didnt take power in Germany overnight and took years for him to take full power of his party overnight. President and Fà ¼hrer In 1932, Hitler acquired German citizenship and ran for president, coming in second to von Hindenburg. Later that year, the Nazi party acquired 230 seats in the Reichstag, making them the largest party in Germany. At first, Hitler was refused the office of Chancellor by a president who distrusted him, and a continued snub might have seen Hitler cast out as his support failed. However, factional divisions at the top of government meant that, thanks to conservative politicians believing they could control Hitler, he was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Hitler moved with great speed to isolate and expel opponents from power, shutting trade unions and removing communists, conservatives, and Jews. Later that year, Hitler perfectly exploited an act of arson on the Reichstag (which some believe the Nazis helped cause) to begin the creation of a totalitarian state, dominating the March 5 elections thanks to support from nationalist groups. Hitler soon took over the role of president when Hindenburg died and merged the role with that of chancellor to become fà ¼hrer (leader) of Germany. In Power Hitler continued to move with speed in radically changing Germany, consolidating power, locking up â€Å"enemies† in camps, bending culture to his will, rebuilding the army, and breaking the constraints of the Treaty of Versailles. He tried to change the social fabric of Germany by encouraging women to breed more and bringing in laws to secure racial purity; Jews were particularly targeted. Employment, high elsewhere in a time of depression, fell to zero in Germany. Hitler also made himself head of the army, smashed the power of his former brownshirt street warriors, and expunged the socialists fully from his party and his state. Nazism was the dominant ideology. Socialists were the first in the death camps. World War II and the Failure of the Third Reich Hitler believed he must make Germany great again through creating an empire and engineered territorial expansion, uniting with Austria in an Anschluss and dismembering Czechoslovakia. The rest of Europe was worried, but France and Britain were prepared to concede limited expansion with Germany, taking within it the German fringe. Hitler, however, wanted more. It was in September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland, that other nations took a stand and declared war. This was not unappealing to Hitler, who believed Germany should make itself great through war, and invasions in 1940 went well. Over the course of that year, France fell and the Third Reich expanded. However, his fatal mistake occurred in 1941 with the invasion of Russia, through which he wished to create lebensraum, or living room. After initial success, German forces were pushed back by Russia, and defeats in Africa and West Europe followed as Germany was slowly beaten. Death During the last years of the war, Hitler became gradually more paranoid and divorced from the world, retreating to a bunker. As armies approached Berlin from two directions, Hitler married his mistress Eva Braun and on April 30, 1945, he killed himself. The Soviets found his body soon after and spirited it away so it would never become a memorial. A piece remains in a Russian archive. Legacy Hitler will forever be remembered for starting the Second World War, the most costly conflict in world history, thanks to his desire to expand Germany’s borders through force. He will equally be remembered for his dreams of racial purity, which prompted him to order the execution of millions of people, perhaps as high as 11 million. Although every arm of German bureaucracy was turned to pursuing the executions, Hitler was the chief driving force. In the decades since Hitler’s death, many commentators have concluded that he must have been mentally ill and that, if he wasn’t when he started his rule, the pressures of his failed wars must have driven him mad. Given that he ordered genocide and ranted and raved, it is easy to see why people have come to this conclusion, but it’s important to state that there is no consensus among historians that he was insane, or what psychological problems he may have had. Sources â€Å"Adolf Hitler.† Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 14 Feb. 2019. Alan Bullock, Baron Bullock, et al. â€Å"Adolf Hitler.† Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 19 Dec. 2018.

To what extent is the work of philosophers such as Popper, Kuhn, Essay - 1

To what extent is the work of philosophers such as Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend useful in forming a critical judgement of modern economic practice - Essay Example e complexities that most people tend to consider irrelevant but I believe mostly significant in order to fully comprehend the standards of the era we are living right in. I would want to examine and expound more of the modern practices that various economists of today have been doing so as to provide and present a clear illustration and brilliant depiction of an intermingling global economic viewpoint. Doing this, I shall be indulging and expounding more of the different approaches, methods and technical procedures that recent philosophers have used in various investigations and explanations of economic concepts and theories. As for this paper, I would not only be elaborating further on how these economic concepts affect the people’s mind-set, but I shall be of critique as to how these theories have shaped the contemporary practices that we can observe today. Having said this, I should note that economics, as a whole, as what Pheby has said in Methodology and Economics is not exactly similar, in fact very different, with other behavioural sciences and physical sciences like sociology, political science, physics and chemistry respectively. This is since economics is a very strange branch of science that is somehow dependent on human actions and on how these actions are deemed important as to the evaluation of results and analysis of consequences and outcomes (Blaug 1980). To start my observation and analysis, I would want to give and make sense of the technical definition of empirical research as the basis of my fundamental argument. As lifted from a journal article entitled Empirical Research published by the Norfolk State University, empirical research has been defined as the systemic research process which only involves predetermined observations and measured phenomena. It reports and publishes facts and figures based on observed results and actual experimental quantifications in order to generate a relationship and draw numerical conclusions involving two or

Performance management homework 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance management homework 1 - Essay Example To determine this rate, all the machining, assembly, and fabricating direct costs must be multiplied with the multiply of their sum total. This calculation will help in determining or estimating the overhead rates. Precision Joinery Co. Manufactures high-quality wooden products for the house-building sector, specializing in window-frames, doors and kitchen cabinets. For many years, the company’s costing system has relied on the assumption that direct labor hours were the critical factor in the occurrence of overheads. Accordingly, overheads were allocated to products on the basis of the direct labor hours taken to manufacture each product. The company’s relationship with its customers has changed in recent years. House-building companies have become more rigorous in their demands in terms of both product design and service support after delivery. The Managing Director of Precision Joinery Co. Has become increasingly disillusioned with the current product costing system, which he believes to be producing costs which do not reflect the change in the market environment initiated by the company’s customers. Under duress, the Management Accountant has carried out a further examination of available costing information, some of which the Managing Director considers useful in a possible redefinition of the costing system. The activity based costing or the ABC cost allocation often assigns the manufacturing overhead costs of the products in a highly logical way than the normal or the traditional approach that simply allocates costs on the basis of the machine hours (Armstrong and Baron, 2005; p. 85). The ABC initially assigns costs to activities that really lead to the overhead. After that, it assigns costs to activities or products that are actually demanding the activities. The overall result often maps the miscalculations on the true cost of the manufacturing overhead. Therefore, it is apparent that the ABC

Age of Extremes Essay Example for Free

Age of Extremes Essay The twentieth century was rich in events and outstanding personalities. In his book Age of Extremes, Eric Hobsbawm provides an extensive review of what happened during the Twentieth Century and the impact of those events on human development. According to Hobsbawm, the Twentieth Century was both the Age of Catastrophe and the time of the extraordinary economic growth – a complex sandwich of events and developments that changed the human society â€Å"more profoundly than any other period of comparable brevity† (Hobsbawm, 1995). In the first two chapters of Age of Extremes, Eric Hobsbawm (1995) tries to evaluate the social and historic legacy of the Twentieth Century and creates a brief picture of the events and accomplishments that took place between 1914 and 1991. The author is confident that human society cannot distance itself from the events of the past, because everyone on the globe, irrespective of their life history and personal background, went through more or less similar central experiences that affected them all (Hobsbawm, 1995). Hobsbawm (1995) traces the evolution of the Twentieth Century from the First World War, which marked â€Å"the breakdown of the western civilization of the nineteenth century† (p. 6). The western civilization was characterized by capitalist economy, liberal constitutional structure, bourgeois image of the hegemonic class, and the glory of scientific, educational, technological, knowledge, and moral advance (Hobsbawm, 1995). The decades following the beginning of the First World War were the Age of Catastrophe: until the end of WWII, the society stumbled from one calamity to another and lived at the edge of survival (Hobsbawm, 1995). The failure of the major colonial empires and the economic crisis of unprecedented depth added their share of complexity to the state of world affairs (Hobsbawm, 1995). Hobsbawm (1995) believes that the victory of the Soviet Union over Hitler was one of the most important events of the Twentieth Century. Without it, the whole Western world could have turned into set of variations on fascist themes (Hobsbawm, 1995). The rise of the socialist movements was the direct result of the weaknesses in the nineteenth-century bourgeois society (Hobsbawm, 1995). How and why the world threw itself into the Golden Age of capitalism between 1947 and 1973 remains one of basic historical puzzles; but the Golden Age could not be endless and the global crisis that followed affected all, irrespective of their political, social, and economic configurations (Hobsbawm, 1995). The economic crisis gradually extended to cover political issues – the collapse of the Soviet Union produced an enormous zone of political uncertainty and destroyed the stable system of international relations (Hobsbawm, 1995). The economic and political uncertainties were followed by the moral and social crisis – the crisis of beliefs, which humans had used over the course of the Twentieth Century to win their battle over the nineteenth century’s ideology (Hobsbawm, 1995). The century that had begun with unbelievable optimism and faith in the future ended with a bang and a whimper, leaving the society in the midst of the moral, social, economic, and mental collapse (Hobsbawm, 1995). In Hobsbawm’s (1995) view, the Twentieth Century was the time of unprecedented achievements and dramatic failures. The cyclical nature of evolution resulted in continuous instability and profound economic, social, and political shifts. For many countries, the Twentieth Century became the time of remarkable changes and the beginning of the new era of uncertainty and chaos. Whether countries succeed in resolving the existing controversies depends on how well they can learn the lessons of the past and use wisely the historical, political, and moral legacy of the stormy Twentieth Century. Conclusion The Twentieth Century was the time of unprecedented achievements and failures. The capitalization of the word combination â€Å"Twentieth Century† by Hobsbawm (1995) is not accidental. The author feels that the Twentieth Century reflected a unique paradox: the triumph of the material values and their absolute rejection at the end of the era. The century that had begun with unbelievable optimism and faith in the future ended with the deep crisis of the moral and mental ideologies, leaving humanity in the midst of the social, economic, cultural, and moral collapse. Whether countries succeed in resolving the existing controversies depends on how well people can learn from the past and use wisely the historical, political, and moral legacy of the stormy Twentieth Century.

The Book Of Sand Essay examples -- essays research papers

Jorge Luis Borges is a famous Spanish author, known best for his short stories. In this paper, I will discuss several short stories written by Mr. Borges, what influenced him in his writings, and a brief history of his place of origin, Argentina. Borges' The Book of Sand is the story of a man who is visited by a stranger trying to sell a "holy book" called the Book of Sand. The narrator looks at the book and is unable to see the first or last pages of it because, as the stranger explains, the number of pages is infinite. The narrator is fascinated by the book and buys it, only to become obsessed with it, until the point that it is all he thinks about. He eventually gets rid of it by mixing it up in a pile of many other books in his basement. As will be discussed in this paper, Borges wrote philosophy in a lot of his works. In The Book of Sand, infinity is depicted in the form of a mysterious book. It symbolizes man's constant search for the world's existence. Borges is saying that it is an endless search and therefore pointless. The Other is the story of Borges sitting on a bench, as he feels as though he had lived that moment already. He begins to speak to the man seated besides him, and finds out the stranger has the same name, and the same address as he does. When Borges asks the man what year it is, the man answers 1918, even though it is 1969. It is then that the narrator figures out he is talking to the person whom he was fifty-one years earlier. He then tells "the other" him of the future, after which they part, knowing they will never meet like this again. This story deals with time. The author is very nostalgic and lives for his memories. It also is a philosophical story where Borges expresses his doubt that we all may "just be an image of a greater being". The Mirror and the Mask is the story of an Irish king who tells a poet to write a poem describing his power. The poet wrote a praise of his fighting success, and in reward for the excellent poem, the king gives the poet a beautiful mirror and tells him to write another poem. In reward for his next work, the king gives the poet a mask. The king then asks for a third poem and receives a one line poem of perfection and in return gives him an elaborate dagger. The poet feels it to be a sin to hear such perfection and so he stabs himself with the dagger. The king ... ...s for his interest in eternity and his desire for control of time. He admits in his poems that time moves on, the world changes, that he will grow old, and that the past is gone forever. He says that one can only rely on their memories (as he expresses in The Other). In his fifties, Borges becomes blind, but continues to lecture in colleges and conferences around the world. During his lifetime, Borges was nominated several times for the Noble Prize in Literature. He wrote alot of short stories, literary reviews (based on books that never existed), poems and more. Although he passed away on June 14, 1986, his writings live on to be shared with all generations. When Borges was born, Hipolito Yrigoyen headed the Radical Civic Union. General Roca was president at that time and he defended the middle class (which was what Borges was). Argentina had alot of trade with Britain and helped the economy to flourish. The people became more educated. As you can see, Borges' greatest influences were his childhood, familial background, and people he met while starting to write. Borges writings are enjoyable and thought provoking. I definitely recommend it to people interested in philosophy.

Pythagorean Philosophy

â€Å"Music is the harmonization of opposites, the unification of disparate things, and the conciliation of warring elements†¦ Music is the basis of agreement among things in nature and of the best government in the universe. As a rule it assumes the guise of harmony in the universe, of lawful government in a state, and of a sensible way of life in the home. It brings together and Every school student will recognize his name as the originator of that theorem which offers many cheerful facts about the square on the hypotenuse. Many European philosophers will call him the father of philosophy. Many scientists will call him he father of science. To musicians, nonetheless, Pythagoras is the father of music. According to Johnston, it was a much told story that one day the young Pythagoras was passing a blacksmith's shop and his ear was caught by the regular intervals of sounds from the anvil. When he discovered that the hammers were of different weights, it occured to him that the intervals might be related to those weights. Pythagoras was correct. Pythagorean philosophy maintained that all things are numbers. Based on the belief that numbers were the building blocks of everything, Pythagoras began linking numbers and music. Revolutionizing music, Pythagoras' findings generated theorems and standards for musical scales, relationships, instruments, and creative formation. Musical scales became defined, and taught. Instrument makers began a precision approach to device construction. Composers developed new attitudes of composition that encompassed a foundation of numeric value in addition to melody. All three approaches were based on Pythagorean philosophy. Thus, Pythagoras' relationship between numbers and music had a profound influence on future musical education, The intrinsic discovery made by Pythagoras was the potential rder to the chaos of music. Pythagoras began subdividing different intervals and pitches into distinct notes. Mathematically he divided intervals into wholes, thirds, and halves. â€Å"Four distinct musical ratios were discovered: the tone, its fourth, its fifth, and its octave. † (Johnston, 1989). From these ratios the Pythagorean scale was introduced. This scale revolutionized music. Pythagorean relationships of ratios held true for any initial pitch. This discovery, in turn, reformed musical education. â€Å"With the standardization of music, musical creativity could be recorded, taught, and reproduced. † (Rowell, 1983). Modern day finger exercises, such as the Hanons, are neither based on melody or creativity. They are simply based on the Pythagorean scale, and are executed from various initial pitches. Creating a foundation for musical representation, works became recordable. From the Pythagorean scale and simple mathematical calculations, different scales or modes were developed. The Dorian, Lydian, Locrian, and Ecclesiastical modes were all developed from the foundation of Pythagoras. † (Johnston, 1989). â€Å"The basic foundations of musical education are based on the various modes of scalar relationships. † (Ferrara, 1991). Pythagoras' discoveries created starting point for structured music. From this, diverse educational schemes were created upon basic themes. Pythagoras and his mathematics created the foundation for musical education According to Rowell, Pythagoras began his experiments demonstrating the tones of bells of different sizes. Bells of variant size produce different harmonic ratios. † (Ferrara, 1991). Analyzing the different ratios, Pythagoras began defining different musical pitches based on bell diameter, and density. â€Å"Based on Pythagorean harmonic relationships, and Pythagorean geometry, bell-makers began constructing bells with the principal itch prime tone, and hum tones consisting of a fourth, a fifth, and the octave. † (Johnston, 1989). Ironically or coincidentally, these tones were all members of the Pythagorean scale. In addition, Pythagoras initiated comparable experimentation with pipes of different lengths. Through this method of study he unearthed two astonishing inferences. When pipes of different lengths were hammered, they emitted different pitches, and when air was passed through these pipes respectively, alike results were attained. This sparked a revolution in the construction of melodic percussive instruments, as well as the wind instruments. Similarly, Pythagoras studied strings of different thickness stretched over altered lengths, and found another instance of numeric, musical correspondence. He discovered the initial length generated the strings primary tone, while dissecting the string in half yielded an octave, thirds produced a fifth, quarters produced a fourth, and fifths produced a third. â€Å"The circumstances around Pythagoras' discovery in relation to strings and their resonance is astounding, and these catalyzed the production of stringed instruments. † (Benade, 1976). In a way, music is lucky that Pythagoras' attitude to experimentation was as it was. His insight was indeed correct, and the realms of instrumentation would never be the same again. Furthermore, many composers adapted a mathematical model for music. According to Rowell, Schillinger, a famous composer, and musical teacher of Gershwin, suggested an array of procedures for deriving new scales, rhythms, and structures by applying various mathematical transformations and permutations. His approach was enormously popular, and widely respected. â€Å"The influence comes from a Pythagoreanism. Wherever this system has been successfully used, it has been by composers who were already well trained enough to distinguish the musical results. In 1804, Ludwig van Beethoven began growing deaf. He had begun composing at age seven and would compose another twenty-five years after his impairment took full effect. Creating music in a state of inaudibility, Beethoven had to rely on the relationships between pitches to produce his music. â€Å"Composers, such as Beethoven, could rely on the structured musical relationships that instructed their creativity. † (Ferrara, 1991). Without Pythagorean musical structure, Beethoven could not have created many of his astounding compositions, and would have failed to establish himself as one of the two greatest musicians of all ime. Speaking of the greatest musicians of all time, perhaps another name comes to mind, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. â€Å"Mozart is clearly the greatest musician who ever lived. † (Ferrara, 1991). Mozart composed within the arena of his own mind. When he spoke to musicians in his orchestra, he spoke in relationship terms of thirds, fourths and fifths, and many others. Within deep analysis of Mozart's music, musical scholars have discovered distinct similarities within his composition technique. According to Rowell, initially within a Mozart composition, Mozart introduces a primary melodic theme. He then reproduces hat melody in a different pitch using mathematical transposition. After this, a second melodic theme is created. Returning to the initial theme, Mozart spirals the melody through a number of pitch changes, and returns the listener to the original pitch that began their journey. â€Å"Mozart's comprehension of mathematics and melody is inequitable to other composers. This is clearly evident in one of his most famous works, his symphony number forty in G-minor† (Ferrara, 1991). Without the structure of musical relationship these aforementioned musicians could not have achieved their musical aspirations. Pythagorean theories created the basis for their musical endeavours. Mathematical music would not have been produced without these theories. Without audibility, consequently, music has no value, unless the relationship between written and performed music is so clearly defined, that it achieves a new sense of mental audibility to the Pythagorean skilled listener.. As clearly stated above, Pythagoras' correlation between music and numbers influenced musical members in every aspect of musical creation. His conceptualization and experimentation molded modern musical practices, instruments, and music itself nto what it is today. What Pathagoras found so wonderful was that his elegant, abstract train of thought produced something that people everywhere already knew to be aesthetically pleasing. Ultimately music is how our brains intrepret the arithmetic, or the sounds, or the nerve impulses and how our interpretation matches what the performers, instrument makers, and composers thought they were doing during their respective creation. Pythagoras simply mathematized a foundation for these occurances. â€Å"He had discovered a connection between arithmetic and aesthetics, between the natural world and the human soul.

Summary Of Journals Reviewing Tax Impacts Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 943 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? The journal provides a review about the impact of taxes on corporate financial behavior, focusing on the tax dimension of corporate finance. The decision of the firm to issue debt is based upon the risk-adjusted rate of return on debt between the common stock and municipal bonds. The demand for corporate debt curve is derived from the differential tax rates for individual investors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Summary Of Journals Reviewing Tax Impacts Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The greater the demand for corporate debt, the higher is the pretax interest rate. In Section 2, the author addressed the relationship between taxes and capital structure, focusing on the generalization of the Miller equilibrium. The Miller equilibrium assumes that firms will be indifferent toward in issuing debt whenever interest that is paid at the premium rate can reduce the level of corporate taxable income dollar. The marginal value of tax savings associated with debt financing is the parameter in managing capital structure. It involves both corporate and personal taxation of bond and common stock income. Section 3 is a review on the impact of taxes on dividend policy. Stocks with relatively high degrees of tax exposure sell so as to yield relatively high pre-tax expected rates of return in regards of dividends-tax effects. The section also focused on the possible role of tax avoidance by investors such as transforming dividends into a tax-deferred annuity and tax arbitrag e strategy. The author also discussed the attempt to reconcile the apparent conflict between the conditions of the original Miller equilibrium, where firms are indifferent to capital structure, and the conditions under which costless tax avoidance leads to an indifference by investors to dividends and capital gains. John R. Graham (2003). Taxes and Corporate Finance: A Review. The Review of Financial Studies Winter. Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 1075Acirc; ±1129. The journal reviews about tax research related to areas like domestic and multinational capital structure, the payout and compensation policy, risk management, and last but not least earnings management. Under the domestic and multinational capital structure section, it reviews how corporate debt usage is positively affected by tax rates. For multinational capital structure, it is how international tax law can affect corporate financing decisions in a multinational firm. Under the payout policy section, the focus is on the ta x incentives related to corporate payout policy. The compensation policy section highlights the choice of salary versus equity compensation, the choice between incentive stock options (ISOs) and nonqualified stock options (NQOs), and also, the trade-off between compensation deductions and debt tax shields. Risk management section on the other hand investigates imperfections in the tax code that can lead to corporate hedging being beneficial and also explore how similar imperfections can provide an incentive to manage earnings. The last section, earnings management reviews the conditions that can lead to a tax incentive to smooth earnings. For each of these areas, the paper reviewed how taxes can affect corporate decision making and firm value and thus followed by a summary and discussion of the related empirical evidence and unresolved issues. Kerry Pattenden (2006). Capital Structure Decisions Under Classical and Imputation Tax Systems: A Natural Test for Tax Effects in Australi a. Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 67Acirc; ±92. The journal investigates determinants of capital structure, which are mainly focus on tax incentives for debt financing. The reason for this examination is that, marginal tax rates play a deciding factor in the debt equity decision under a tax regime which favors debt over equity due to the potential size of the interest tax shield available. The hypothesis is that there should have a positive coefficient in the tax variable included. The analysis uses an experimental design and statistical technique which is the Bayesian selection methods to address key problems that might arise during empirical capital structure research. The paper also examines a panel of Australian firms that operated under two tax regimes which are classical regime and dividend imputation regime. The result shows that there is a significant positive tax coefficient in the classical regime, as hypothesized. Tax Effect on Malaysian companies and their capital structure decisions. (Mat Kila and Wan Mahmood, 2008) investigates the determinants of capital structure for the companies listed in the Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad (BMSB) during the period from 2000 to 2005. The data are derived from financial statements of 17 companies by the DATASTREAM database. The authors analyzed dependent variable of debt ratio and the independent variables which are size, growth, liquidity and interest coverage ratio. To estimate the characteristics that will affect capital structure of Malaysian firms, they applied pooled OLS estimations. The result shows that the independent variables which included the size, liquidity and interest coverage ratio are significantly negative related to total debt. This may prove that larger firm employ equity financing or using itacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s retained earnings as a major source in its capital structure. However, the study also shows insignificant negative capital structure to growth of the firm, which is expressed by the annual ch anges of earnings. The statistic shows of about 89.20% out of 17 sampled Malaysian firms for 6 year period use less than 30% debt in financing their activities. Meanwhile, the remaining firms which are 10.80% firms use more than 30% debt. In addition to that, 13 out of 17 sampled Malaysian firms are completely maintaining the usage of debt financing less than 30% for 6 year period of 2000 to 2005. Whereas only 4 companies, namely White Horse, Abric, Minply Holdings and Permaju Industries, are for a few years during the 6 years period of study use more than 30% debt ratio in financing its activities. Therefore, the result implies that most of Malaysian companies prefer to safeguard their control of their company by financing its operations with more equities compared to the usage of debt that exposed them to the fixed obligations toward creditors.